CO2浓度倍增和UV-B辐射增强对冬季大棚番茄生长、果实品质和产量的影响

在CO2浓度倍增(700μmol.mol-1)条件下,对补充5个不同低剂量的UV-B辐射对大棚番茄幼苗的株高、茎粗、干重、鲜重,果实的紫外吸收物、可溶性糖、有机酸、Vc、番茄红素等含量,以及果实产量的影响进行了研究。结果表明,CO2倍增能够明显促进番茄幼苗的生长,提高了番茄果实的紫外吸收物、可溶性糖、有机酸、Vc、番茄红素等含量以及果实的产量。在CO2倍增条件下,补充低剂量UV-B辐射可以进一步促进番茄幼苗的生长,提高番茄果实的紫外吸收物、可溶性糖、有机酸、Vc、番茄红素等含量,说明在CO2倍增的条件下低剂量UV-B辐射对番茄的生长有促进效应,但对果实的产量影响不大。当UV-B的辐射剂量为1.163 kJ.m-2时,这种促进效应最明显,超过这一剂量时,UV-B辐射对番茄的促进效应开始减弱。     

基于源库生长单位的温室番茄干物质生产-分配模拟

为了量化研究温室番茄果穗间干物质的分配,提高温室番茄栽培的效益,采用源库生长单位的测定方法,将经典的单叶同化物生产模型与GreenLab模型相结合,构建了干物质向源库生长单位内茎节、叶片、果实分配的动态模型,利用越冬茬、早春茬和春夏茬温室番茄各器官的干物质测定数据对模型进行了验证.结果表明:所构建的模型模拟结果与实测结果吻合性较好,不同茬口同化物生产模拟值与实测值的回归方程斜率为0.93,R~2为0.92;源库生长单位内茎节、叶片、果实以及根系的模拟值与实测值间回归方程斜率在0.85～0.89之间,其相对误差(R_e)均值分别为5.3%、5.6%、8.1%和3.6%,说明模型的模拟准确度较高,可为不同茬口温室番茄栽培管理提供理论依据和决策支持.     

小兴安岭典型草丛沼泽湿地CO2、CH4和N2O的排放动态及其影响因素

 2007年6~10月, 采用静态箱-气相色谱法, 同步研究了小兴安岭典型修氏苔草(Carex schmidtii)沼泽湿地CO₂、CH₄和N₂O排放通量的季节动态及其与环境因子的关系, 估算了CO₂、CH₄和N₂O的生长季排放量, 探讨了沼泽湿地碳与氮的源汇关系。结果表明: 草丛沼泽生长季节温室气体排放量以CO₂占绝对优势(99.61%), CH₄的排放量次之(0.39%), N₂O的排放量最低(0.000 7%), 且为碳、氮的吸收汇(分别为固定量的53.93%和0.04%); CO₂、CH₄和N₂O生长季平均排放通量依次为487.89、1.88和0.004 mg·m^–2·h^–1, 且具有明显的季节变化特征, CO₂和N₂O的最高排放量均出现在夏季(6月24日至8月14日和7月14日至8月14日), CH₄的最高排放量出现在夏秋季(8月24日至9月24日), 其中, CO₂季节变化与空气温度和0~20 cm土壤温度具有显著相关性(p < 0.05), CH₄与空气温度具有显著相关性(p < 0.01), N₂O与水位具有显著的负相关性(p < 0.05)。     

Health Risks of Heavy Metals through Consumption of Greenhouse Vegetables Grown in Central Iran

Elevated heavy metal (HM) concentrations in vegetables may pose serious health risks to humans. There is limited information on health risks associated with HM contaminants in greenhouse vegetables. The objective of this study was to estimate the health risks of Pb, Cd, Ni, and Cr via consumption of greenhouse cucumbers and bell peppers produced in Iran using the total non-cancer hazard quotient (THQ) and cancer risk assessment estimates. Cadmium, Pb, Ni, and Cr concentrations in the vegetables varied from < 0.02 to 0.05, 0.19 to 0.64, 0.16 to 0.20 and 0.07 to 0.13 μg g^?1, respectively. Individual metal THQ values indicate the relative absence of non-cancer health effects associated with intake of a single metal through consumption of either cucumbers or bell peppers. The THQ for all population groups via consumption of greenhouse cucumbers and bell peppers was smaller than 1.0, which shows low possibility of any obvious risk. The result showed that Cd is the major risk contributor for the consumers. The cancer risk assessment for Pb for Qom adult populations groups via consumption of cucumbers and bell peppers was greater than 1 × 10^?6. High Pb and Cd concentration in the greenhouse vegetables is an important concern that has to be considered.     

A renewable energy source — hydrocarbon gases resulting from pyrolysis of the marine nanoplanktonic alga Emiliania huxleyi

The marine coccolithophore, Emiliania huxleyi, grown in the laboratory was subjected to vacuum pyrolysis at various temperatures from 100 to 500 °C. The highest yield of pyrolytic gases (183 mL g⁻¹ dry cells) was obtained at 400 °C. The amount of total hydrocarbon gas produced at 400 °C was 129 mL, about 10 times higher than at 300 °C. CH₄ was the major component at the high gas-production stage (400–500 °C). The great increase in hydrocarbon gases at 400 °C was accompanied by a marked decrease in liquid saturates and aromatics. The results indicate that the liquid hydrocarbons (oil) produced by pyrolysis at lower temperature is a direct source for the formation of the hydrocarbon gases. Due to its large potential for the production of biomass and hydrocarbons with low energy input, E. huxleyi is suggested as one of candidates for the production of renewable fuels. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Microbial community structure and global trace gases

Global change can affect soil processes by either altering the functioning of existing organisms or by restructuring the community, modifying the fundamental physiologies that drive biogeochemical processes. Thus, not only might process rates change, but the controls over them might also change. Moreover, previously insignificant processes could become important. These possibilities raise the question ‘Will changes in climate and land use restructure microbial communities in a way that will alter trace gas fluxes from an ecosystem?’ Process studies indicate that microbial community structure can influence trace gas dynamics at a large scale. For example, soil respiration and CH₄ production both show ranges of temperature response among ecosystems, indicating differences in the microbial communities responsible. There are three patterns of NH₄⁺ inhibition of CH₄ oxidation at the ecosystem scale: no inhibition, immediate inhibition, and delayed inhibition; these are associated with different CH₄ oxidizer communities. Thus, it is possible that changes in climate, land-use, and disturbance regimes could alter microbial communities in ways that would substantially alter trace gas fluxes; we discuss the data supporting this conclusion. We also discuss approaches to developing research linking microbial community structure and activity to the structure and functioning of the whole ecosystem. Modern techniques allow us to identify active organisms even if they have not been cultivated; in combination with traditional experimental approaches we should be able to identify the linkages between these active populations and the processes they carry out at the ecosystem level. Finally, we describe scenarios of how global change could alter trace gas fluxes by altering microbial communities and how understanding the microbial community dynamics could improve our ability to predict future trace gas fluxes.     

The hunt for sustainable biocontrol of oomycete plant pathogens,a case study of Phytophthora infestans

Late blight caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans is considered to be one of the most severe diseases of potato and tomato worldwide. Whilst current synthetic fungicides are efficient at controlling this disease, they are an environmental and economic burden. In line with EU directives to reduce the use of synthetic pesticides and increase the use of sustainable alternative disease control strategies that can form part of integrated pest management systems, practical biological control solutions are urgently needed. Despite the fact that there has been a large body of scientific research into microorganisms with potential for the biological control of late blight disease, relatively few commercial biocontrol agents, licensed to control late blight, exist. Furthermore, the practical uptake of those in Europe is lower than might be expected, suggesting that such solutions are not yet feasible, or effective. Here we review the scientific literature, focusing on the most recent developments in the hunt for efficient and sustainable biological control of late blight disease. We discuss the progress in our mechanistic understanding of mycoparasite–prey interactions, in the context of late blight and the challenges and limitations to the use of such knowledge in practical disease control within a European context.     

An application of the theoretical group methods to modeling of complex systems

The applicability of theoretical group methods to studying complex physical and biological systems with the potential of self-organization was demonstrated. The problem of calculating climate sensitivity parameters taking into account the cyclone-anticyclone structure of the atmosphere optically dense in the infrared region is considered as an example.     

Life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of residential battery storage systems: A German case study

Battery storage systems (BSSs) are popular as a means to increase the self-consumption rates of residential photovoltaics. However, their environmental impact is under discussion, given the greenhouse gas emissions caused by the production and the efficiency losses during operation. Against this background, we carry out a holistic environmental assessment of residential BSSs by combining a partial life cycle assessment for the production phase with a detailed simulation of 162 individual German households for the operational phase. As regards the production phase, we only find small differences between the carbon footprints of different cell chemistries. Moreover, we can show that the balance of plant components have a comparable impact on the global warming potential as the cell modules. In terms of the operational phase, our simulations show that BSSs can compensate at least parts of their efficiency losses by shifting electricity demand from high-emission to low-emission periods. Under certain conditions, the operational phase of the BSSs can even overcompensate the emissions from the production phase and lead to a positive environmental impact over the lifetime of the systems. As the most relevant drivers, we find the exact emissions at the production stage, the individual household load patterns, the system efficiency, and the applied operational strategy.